Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
In 1908, K.D. Glinka, while proposing a similar classiÝcation system, introduced the terms
ÑektodynamomorphicÒ and ÑendodynamomorphicÒ soils. The Ýrst term was used for the soils with
a genesis mainly related to outer soil-forming agents (climate, organisms), and the second was
used for soils closely connected to the speciÝc rock, as Rendzinas for hard calcareous substrate.
The second innovation was the proposal of six classes of moistening and drainage.
The close relationship of soils with vegetation type was the basis for the system proposed in
1909 by A.N. Sabanin:
¤
Soils of evergreen-deciduous type: 1
st
classÐferrugenious soils (laterites, red soils)
¤
Soils of coniferous-deciduous type: 2
nd
classÐpodzolic soils, 3
rd
classÐnonpodzolic silica soils
¤
Soils of black-forest type: 4
th
classÐangular-blocky soils
¤
Soils of meadow-forest type: 5
th
classÐchernozems, 6
th
classÐchestnut soils
¤
Soils of wormwood-grass (semidesert) type: 7
th
classÐplaty-columnar soils, 8
th
classÐsolonchaks
and solonetz soils
¤
Soils of swampy-vegetal type: 9
th
classÐmeadow-swampy soils, 10
th
classÐpeaty dry soils, 11
th
classÐmarshy soils
The next stage in the development of approaches to soil classiÝcation was the system proposed
in 1910 by P.S. Kossovich. He divided all the soils into two classes: genetically autonomous soils
and genetically subordinated soils. The Ýrst class embraced the ÑzonalÒ soils and the second one,
oversaturated, saline, and solonetzic soils of depressions and micro-lows of different soil-climatic
zones.
In 1924, K.D. Glinka introduced a major change in the approach in which the type of pedo-
genesis was recognized at the highest level. This is perhaps the Ýrst instance in which soil
development was considered in the classiÝcation, and this approach was soon to be adopted
worldwide. There were Ýve such types: Laterite, Podzolic, Steppe, Solonetzic, Swampy. They
contain all the well-drained and poorly drained soils at the second level.
Until about 1939, the interrelationships between classes were the result of class deÝnition, and
there was no direct emphasis on priorities. The Ýrst hierarchical system, from which modern systems
were developed, was developed in 1939 by I.P. Gerasimov, A.A. Zavalishin and E.N. Ivanova
(Gerasimov et al., 1939). They distinguished ten genetic soil types:
1.
Solonchaks
2.
Solonetz
3.
Serozem desert soils
4.
Chestnut soils of dry steppes
5.
Chernozem steppe soils
6.
Gray podzolized soils of forest-steppe
7.
Brown forest soils of southern forest areas
8.
Sod soils of forest areas
9.
Podzolic soils of northern forest areas
10.
Swampy soils
These types were divided into subtypes using differences in vegetation as criteria. The lowest
level of the system was species, determining Ñthe stage of development of pedogenic processes.Ò
This is an important stage in the development of the Russian system of soil classiÝcation. It
recognized the genetic aspects of soils, it provided a prioritization in the ranking of soils, it used
soil properties to deÝne the classes, it showed the linkage with geographic patterns of other factors,
speciÝcally vegetation, and it attempted to evaluate or differentiate the stage of development of the
soil.
The reÝnement of factor-genetic approach in Russian pedology is connected with the names
of E.N. Ivanova and N.N. Rozov. In the 1950s to 1960s, they proposed several schemes of
classiÝcation systems, mostly reÞected in the topic ÑClassiÝcation and Determination of Soil TypesÒ
