Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
D
P and R in the air pulse waves [
18
]
Table 2.2
R
¼
D
P
E
(kg/cm
2
)
D
P
A
(kg/cm
2
)
R
¼
D
P
E
(kg/cm
2
)
D
P
A
(kg/cm
2
)
p
3
W
R
p
3
W
R
15
0.094
0.07
3.0
1.35
0.85
12
0.126
2.75
1.63
-
-
10
0.163
0.118
2.50
2.00
1.21
9
0.19
-
2.0
3.35
1.99
8
0.227
0.161
1.8
4.21
2.50
7
0.281
1.6
5.75
3.29
-
6
0.36
0.247
1.4
7.94
4.52
5
0.469
0.332
1.3
9.73
5.43
4.5
0.602
1.2
12.00
6.60
-
4.0
0.743
0.488
1.10
15.00
8.20
3.5
0.981
-
1.0
19.4
10.54
Table 2.3 Figurations and
D
P [
18
]
Explosive
D
P (kg/cm
2
)
R
¼
1
R
¼
10
TNT Rectangular 0.23 29.9 0.094
TNT Cylinder 1.81 18.5 0.114
TNT/PETN (50/50) Cylinder 3.6 20.7 0.112
TNT/PETN (50/50) Sphere 1.71 11.9 0.124
Note T/P = TNT/PETN from the above table, it is clear that the places near explosives are
influenced by the geometries of explosives; the far away place is less influenced by it
Con
guration geometry
Packed mass (kg)
The calculation uses TNT sphere as a reference, and the extension calculating of
explosion in the air. When TNT explodes,
10
3
R
p
p
6
t
þ
¼
1
:
5
½
W
ð
2
:
86
Þ
If the explosion is on the ground, W
E
=2W.
10
3
R
p
p
6
t
þ
¼
1
:
7
½
W
ð
2
:
87
Þ
Here, the unit of action time t
+
is millisecond (ms); the mass W is gram (g); the
distance R is meter (m).
The conclusions from the several hundred measurements suggest that the reac-
tion time of positive pressure shock waves from condensed explosives is generally
2
49 ms, for certain special liquid
explosives, the action time reaches 80 ms. In certain degree, the detonation velocity/
rate is lower than condensed explosives, but the impact capacity of liquid explo-
sives are higher than condensed ones.
10 ms; from the liquid explosives is 15
-
-