Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
diagram on H
2
O
2
, water, and organic materials such as ethanol, glycerol, and
propyl alcohol can be built. There could exist other ternary systems. In general,
only the mixture with limited water can show explosibility.
All three organic substances mentioned above can be dissolved in 80 % H
2
O
2
form mixtures whose velocity of detonation is around 7,000 m/s when detonated by
detonator and booster pellet. If the concentration of H
2
O
2
is reduced, the velocity
decreases to 2,300 m/s. With low initiation energy, the velocity is further weakened
to as low as 750 m/s [
63
].
(b) Oxidation of Hydrazine with H
2
O
2
The most important reaction concerning hydrazine that is the oxidation process
is not fully understood yet. Prior studies were mainly focused on the oxidation
dynamics in the diluted solutions. There was a report
finding that the rate of
reaction largely depends on pH, for instance at a pH level of 10
11, there is a
-
maximum.
Adding cobalt sulfate to the reaction can increase the rate. In contrast, addition of
copper salts can fully remove the hysteresis and sodium nitrate works equally
effectively. The reaction between H
2
O
2
and a mixture of hydrazine and methanol
represents the principle for a liquid explosive. Table
7.47
shows the parameters for
a liquid explosive using 80 % H
2
O
2
as oxidizing agent.
Be noted that 0.11 % K
3
Cu(CN)
4
should be used a stabilizing agent for the
explosive in Table
7.47
. Table
7.48
shows the physical and chemical properties for
the liquid explosive from a mixture of equimolar 80 % H
2
O
2
and methanol.
Because the decomposition heat of hydrazine hydrate is large, it is possible to
use it as a single-component propellant. The energy and gas products are provided
by the reactions induced by permanganate salt (generally using solid permanganate
salt). The combustible fuels can be nitrate esters, nitroalkanes, alkyl azides, etc. To
provide the energy, the hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine nitrate oxidation systems
were also used.
Table 7.47 Liquid
explosives made from
hydrogen peroxide and
hydrazine hydrate
Component
Content (%)
Hydrazine hydrate
30
Methanol
57
Water
13
Table 7.48 Physical and
chemical properties of
hydrazine hydrate diluted by
equimolar 80 % hydrogen
peroxide and methanol
Parameters
Values
Reaction heat (J/g)
4267.68
Relative density
1.30
Gas volume (mL/g)
940
Explosion heat (J/g)
9,877
Detonation temperature (K)
3,328
Speci
c impulse (s)
243
