Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The characteristic of this explosive is to use water as the additive and its det-
onation sensitivity can be adjusted at will due to the ease in mixing nitroalkane with
perchloric acid urea. The detonation velocity can also further increased, if addi-
tional organic oxidizer is used such as orthoester. The good chemical stability, easy
in manufacturing and handling safety in addition of the feature of being free of
odor, smoke, and volatility make perchloric acid urea explosive one the best
choices. The disadvantage associated is related to the corrosion to metals. Partic-
ularly, when nitro compounds are present, the corrosivity is more serious. There-
fore, the containers used for storage and transfer have to be made from such
materials as polyethylene and glass which are corrosion resistant.
Liquid explosives with both insensitivity and high energy can be prepared by
reacting metal perchlorate with ethanol, nitroalkane, and DMF. For instance,
explosive from the composition of barium perchlorate, nitromethane, methanol, and
DMF in the ratio 52:20:20:8 can be detonated at either 0 or 20
°
C with a no. 6
= 1.92 g/cm 3 )at20
detonator showing a detonation velocity of 6,230 m/s (
ρ
°
C and
a freezing point of
C.
Similarly, in the case of composition where iron perchlorate: lithium perchlorate:
sec-nitropropane: methanol: formamide = 15:30:30:15:10, detonation is possible at
the same temperatures with detonation velocity of 6,250 m/s (
28
°
= 1.56 g/cm 3 )at
ρ
°
°
20
C. When cations in perchlorates such as Ba, Li,
Fe, or Sr become high in concentration, the explosives exhibit high sensitivity and
explosion performance. Likewise, when the concentration is low, poor sensitivity
and performance would be observed. The best content is 20
C and a freezing point of
19
70 %, although it
-
allows a large range of 10
80 % for optimization. This explosive tolerates some
water for better explosion parameters. However, excess water would dissolve
component materials bar nitroalkane so that nitroalkane precipitate from the oxi-
dizer solution and the explosibility is disabled. This principle is utilized in the
destruction of such explosives.
-
7.6 Liquid Explosives with Hydrogen Peroxide
7.6.1 Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide Containing Liquid
Explosives
Oxygen makes up most molecular weight of hydrogen peroxide and it is around
47 % if only oxygen that could be utilized is considered. Density of 80 % H 2 O 2
solution is 1.34. Pure H 2 O 2 is stable at room temperature, and decomposes only at
elevated temperature. To enhance the stability, one effective way is to add phos-
phoric acid/phosphate or 8-Hydroxyquinoline. With many combustible substances,
H 2 O 2 can be used to form high-force liquid explosive. On the other hand, powerful
explosion occurs to H 2 O 2 when induced by strong external factors. The major
parameters for H 2 O 2 of 90 % purity are listed in Table 7.45 .
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