Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 7.14 Composition and explosion performance of C(NO
2
)
4
Composition
/g cm
−
3
D
/ms
−
1
ρ
ʽ
V
L
/ml
Combustible
compound
Combustible com-
pound content (%)
C(NO
2
)
4
content
(%)
Benzene
13.75
86.25
1.47
7,180
520
Nitrobenzene
23.15
76.85
1.53
7,430
470
O-nitrotoluene
21.30
78.70
1.52
7,770
480
Right-nitrotoluene
21.30
78.70
1.52
8,170
495
Dinitrobenzene
34.05
65.95
1.53
6,670
650
TNT
39.85
60.15
1.58
6,670
565
ʱ
-nitronaphthalene
19.70
80.30
1.57
8,160
490
Special Kuehl
51.00
49.00
1.63
7,100
570
Aluminum
fl
akes
25.00
75.00
1.79
7,420
690
RDX
30.00
70.00
1.67
-
-
n-heptane
5.00
95.00
1.63
6,700
Note 10 g
special Kuehl
Booster
Note The detonation velocity was measured in
ˆ
20 glass tube using 8th detonators with 10 g TNT
as booster
tetranitromethane signi
cantly, especially in sealed condition where no evaporation
loss would occur. Usually, the composition of such explosives would be 90:10
(tetranitromethane: poly butyl methacrylate, w/w). With the density of 1.50 g/cm
3
,
the explosion velocity is 7,400 m/s whose poser is 119 % TNT equivalent and the
shock sensitivity is 88 % that can be used for industrial blasting.
7.2 Nitrate-Based Liquid Explosives
Nitrate-based liquid explosives mainly refer to liquid explosives composed of
nitrate and nitrate, nitrate and oxidizer, nitrate and sensitizers. Such mixtures are
fundamental liquid explosives which can prepare other complicated liquid explo-
sives with regarding to speci
c purposes.
7.2.1 Characteristics of Nitrate-Based Liquid Explosives
Nitroglycerin (NG) is one of most widely used liquid explosives, but also an
important mining explosive. Nitroglycerin was applied for mining by Alfred Nobel
who is a Swedish engineer [
46
], which led to the development of nitrate. Nobel
established the
'
'
in 1862 and used nitro and sulfonitric
acid to generate Nitroglycerin that can be extracted from water-alcohol solution.
first factory of
oil explosive
