Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5.6
Effect of urea amount on the product yield
Urea/g
4.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Isopropyl nitrate/g
13.7
14.8
16.6
15.0
13.1
11.5
Yield/%
63.7
68.9
77.3
69.7
60.9
53.6
Table 5.7
Effect of nitric acid concentration on the product yield
Nitric acid concentration/%
65.0
70.0
73.0
75.0
77.0
80.0
Isopropyl nitrate/g
13.9
18.6
18.7
15.4
14.1
8.9
Yield/%
66.2
86.3
88.9
71.7
65.6
41.3
Table 5.8
Effect of ammonium nitrate amount on the product yield
Ammonium nitrate/g
9.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
Isopropyl nitrate/g
12.8
15.0
18.9
16.2
13.7
Yield/%
59.7
69.9
87.9
75.3
63.8
Table 5.9
Effect of isopropanol addition time on the product yield
Addition time/min
35
20
12
7
Isopropyl nitrate/g
14.8
17.8
21.0
18.2
Yield/%
68.7
82.6
97.7
84.5
as, temperature: 100
C; composition: 13 % ammonium nitrate, 12 % nitric
acid, 50 mL nitric acid with concentration of 70 %; addition duration: 30 min.
It can be seen that the maximum yield is obtained if the amount of urea used is
5.5 %. Table
5.7
summarizes the effect of the concentration of nitric acid, under the
reaction conditions as mentioned above.
In the concentration of nitric acid of 70 %, the yield of isopropyl nitrate is up to
88.9 %. Changes of the yield of isopropyl nitrate with the amount of ammonium
nitrate are shown in Table
5.8
, under the reaction condition as mentioned above.
The maximum yield of isopropyl nitrate is obtained with the amount of
ammonium nitrate of 13 %. The addition time of isopropanol in
±
2
°
fl
uenced the yield of
isopropyl nitrate signi
cantly, as shown in Table
5.9
.
The maximum yield of isopropyl nitrate can be obtained in the addition time of
7
15 min. The nitration rate of isopropanol will be accelerated at high temperature.
Thus, by shortening the reaction time, the oxidization reaction can be reduced.
The nitration reaction is operated at temperature above the boiling point of
isopropanol of 82.5
-
C. Thus, if isopropanol is added above the surface of the
reaction solution, it will be vaporized before being nitrated. Because the end of the
dropping funnel is dip into the nitration solution, isopropanol is quickly nitrated to
isopropyl nitrate, which will be vaporized at 100
°
°
C. The unreacted isopropanol
