Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(2) Energetic material: DNPOH itself is explosive and can be used in explosives.
Of course, its most important application is a key intermediate in the synthesis
of some important energetic materials [
53
57
], such as BDNPF/A, and then
can be assed in the solid propellant and propellant explosive formulations, as
the energetic component.
(3) Energetic plasticizer: DNPOH is used by many people to develop many
excellent energetic plasticizers. For example, Rai et al. [
58
], Adolph [
59
] used
DNPOH and DNBOH (2,2-dinitrobutanol) to react with formaldehyde (or
formaldehyde polymer) under the action of concentrated sulfuric acid, from
which F/F mixture tis prepared, namely DNPBH (2,2-butyl-2,2-dinitropropyl
formal)/BDNBF (bis-2,2-dinitrobutyl formal); Through adjusting the molar
ratio of DNPOH over DNBOH, that ratio of each component in F/F is
assigned to be rational, and chemical and thermal stabilities of products are
increased and the production cost is reduced. F/F mixture is a very potential
energetic plasticizer.
(4) Energetic binders: Seuk et al. [
60
] used DNPOH and acryl chlorosulfonate to
prepare 2,2-dinitro-propyl glycidyl ester, and this compound can form poly-
mer through ring-opening polymerization. Thermal degradation temperature
of the obtained polymer is up to 200
-
°
C, which can be used as an excellent
energetic adhesive in high-performance plastic explosives [
61
].
(5) Applications in the eutectic mixture: Seuk et al. [
61
], Rai et al. [
62
] also
proposed a new binary eutectic mixture F/DF, namely BDNPF/BDNPDF (bis-
2,2-dinitropropyl dimethyl acetal), can be prepared from DNPOH and form-
aldehyde with concentrated sulfuric acid added to the raw material at a low
temperature. F/DF has good chemical and thermal stability with low cost, and
does crystallize for long-term storage even at
20
°
C.
−
(6)
Important intermediate of energetic materials: The most main application of
DNPOH is in the synthesis of BDNPF/A. It also is used to some extent in the
syntheses of other energetic plasticizers, adhesives and bacteria-containing
inhibitors. Due to the low cost and limited waste production, it is a promising
environment-protection industrial synthesis method.
4.5.1.3 Preparation of DNPOH
(1) Early synthesis process of DNPOH
Early DNPOH synthesis methods include nitri
cation oxidization method, chlori-
nation nitration method and electrochemical method. In 1961, Kaplan et al. [
37
]
proposed a reaction with a redox process to synthesize gem-dinitro compounds, in
which nitro ethane, as the raw materials, reacts with formaldehyde in the presence
of sodium hydroxide, followed by the synthesis of DNPOH through the nitration
reaction of silver nitrate and sodium nitrate. The reaction mechanism is:
