Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Nitrate esters
Nitro alkanes
Single liquid
explosives
Nitro alcohol
Azides
Aromatic-nitro compounds
Liquid
explosives
Nitric acids
Hydroxides
Alkane nitro compounds
Nitro group
Aromatic nitro compounds
Perchloric salt
Perchloric acid urea
Perchloric acid
Perchloric acid hydrazine
Perchloric acid
Composite
liquid explosives
Hydrazine nitrate
Hydrazine
Hydrazine hydrate
Hyperoxide
Liquid oxygen
Binary solution
Emulsion solution
Fig. 1.1 Classification chart of liquid explosives
1.3.1 Oxidizers
The oxidizer component in liquid explosives is referred to as the materials that can
provide oxygen in a detonation reaction, commonly including dinitrogen tetroxide,
nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, tetranitromethane, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine
nitrate, hydrazine perchlorate, and nitrate esters. The typical raw materials of oxi-
dizers include tris-(2,2,2-trinitroethyl) orthoformate (TNEOF), tetra-(2,2,2-trinitro-
ethyl) orthocarbonate (TNEOC), urea perchlorate, nitro alcohol, and azido nitrate.
The typical oxidizers are listed in Table
1.1
.
Except for the well-known chemicals of condensed nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide,
tetranitromethane, nitrate ester, azide nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide, the synthesis
method and properties of oxidizers, including hydrazine nitrate, dinitrogen tetrox-
ide, urea perchlorate, glycol dinitrate, TNEOF, and ENEOC, will be introduced.
(1) Hydrazine nitrate
Hydrazine nitrate was
first synthesized by Germans in 1989. Hydrazine nitrate,
in general, refers to hydrazine mononitrate with molecular formula of N
2
H
5
NO
3
.
There is a similar compound of hydrazine dinitrate, which is very unstable, thus that
it would be involved in this section [
1
].
