Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
3Mg
þ
1
:
5O
2
¼
3MgO
þ
1820
:
04 kJ
;
C
v
¼
150
:
62 J 3
ð
;
000 K
Þ:
1
:
5C
þ
1
:
5O
2
¼
1
:
5CO
2
þ
592
:
04 kJ
;
C
v
¼
75
:
31 J 3
ð
;
000K
Þ:
3H
2
þ
1
:
5O
2
¼
3H
2
O
þ
725
:
5kJ
;
C
v
¼
112
:
97 J 3
ð
;
000 K
Þ:
Although thermal capacity of combustion products of aluminum and magnesium
is slightly higher than that of C and H
2
, energy released from the oxidation of
aluminum and magnesium is much larger than that from the oxidation of C and H
2
,
thus adding aluminum and magnesium can increase the explosion temperature.
In order to reduce the explosion temperature, complements or additives are
generally added into the explosive. These additives can change the ratio between
oxygen and combustible elements to cause incomplete oxidation products and thus
to reduce the formation heat of explosion products. Some additives are not involved
in the explosion reaction and only increase the total thermal capacity of explosion
products.
In order to eliminate the muzzle
flame and reduce erosion, usually hydrocarbons,
resins, fatty acids and their esters, and nitro derivatives of aromatics esters with low
nitration level are added into the explosive.
In the industrial safety explosive, the following materials are added: sulfate,
chloride, nitrate, bicarbonate, oxalate, etc., and sometimes these salts with crys-
tallized water can be used as a suppressing agents.
fl
3.2.4 Comprehensive Parametric Design of Liquid
Explosives [
5
]
Neat solution-type liquid explosives are molecular mixture of all components with
the best dispersion, mixing homogeneousness, and density consistency. Liquid
explosives with suspended solid particles has the liquid primary explosive as the
continuous media to form a sol
gel with the help of thickening agents, and their
solid phase is suspended homogeneously in the system to form a mixture system.
And the solid particles are surrounded by the liquid phase solution, and there are
relatively ideal dispersion and uniformity of every component. Therefore, both of
these two liquid explosive mixtures have suf
-
cient explosion thermochemical
reaction conditions, which makes almost all chemical potentials of the explosive
system can be released in the explosion reaction zone. And the calculation of liquid
explosives with the dispersion of solid particles can be done according to the
explosion property parameters of general explosive mixtures.
Example 1 Calculate explosion parameters of liquid explosive with 72 % of nitric
acid (mass concentration of 98 %) and 28 % of nitrobenzene. The explosive density
is known to be 1.40 g/cm
−
3
.
