Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.7 Influence of water content on explosion heat of explosive
Explosive Water content of
the loaded explo-
sive (%)
Oxygen
balance
(%)
Charging
density
Explosion heat
Q v (J/g)
Change of
explosion
heat (%)
ρ
0
(g/cm 3 )
Anhydrous Hydrate
NG
0
3.5
1.6
6,213
-
NG
20
3.5
1.48
-
-
NM
0
39.3
1.130
4539.6
-
NM
10
39.3
1.117
4196.2
7.56
-
PETN
0
10
1.395
5773.92
-
PETN
29.1
10
1.280
5815.76
4142.16
0.725
equivalent to a explosion heat of 4225.84 J/g of TNT, which was increased by 34 %
compared with measured explosion heat of pure TNT. Furthermore, as listed in the
table, the relatively signi
cant impact of water content on the explosive with
negative oxygen balance indicated that inert material, such as water, played a role
of shell invisibly, and this impact is particularly important to explosives with
negative oxygen balance. In addition to water, the added kerosene and organic
reagents in the liquid explosive could play the same role. It should also be worth
mentioning that the addition of inorganic oxidizer and combustible agent could not
only play the role as mentioned previously, but also improved the explosive den-
sity, which was favorable to improve the explosion velocity and heat.
3.2.1.3 Methods to Improve Explosion Heat
Explosion heat of explosive is an important indicator to measure its explosion
properties, and the improvement of explosion heat means the improvement of its
explosion energy. According to the design calculations of explosion heat, it could
be improved through these following methods.
(1) Improving the oxygen balance of explosive
This method is to make oxidant in the explosive can just completely oxidize its
combustible agents to reach or be close to zero oxygen balance. In explosives of
C a H b O c N d , if oxygen in the molecule can completely oxidize carbon and hydrogen
into CO 2 and H 2 O, the released energy should be the highest. However, different
explosives with the same zero oxygen balances might release different explosion
energies. Generally, explosive with relatively high hydrogen content has relatively
large explosive energy because the complete oxidation of hydrogen into water
releases relatively large explosion heat.
In explosive molecule, some oxygen atoms in the molecular structure are con-
nected to the combustible element atoms, such as C
O, C=O, C
H bonds, these
-
-
oxygen atoms are called
because they are ineffective or par-
tially ineffective in the explosion reaction. The explosive with many of these bonds,
the explosion energy is not high although it has zero oxygen balance. Since part of
ineffective oxygen
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