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example of the HS algorithm introduced in this chapter is about dam operations that
maximize the benefits from irrigation and electricity generation while satisfying the
operation constraints on release and storage amounts.
The HS algorithm was also applied to the parameter calibration of a flood routing
model. Three parameters of the model are calibrated so that the model can accurately
predict real-world flood amounts along the channel during certain time frame. This is
the third HS application covered in this chapter.
The last HS application in this chapter is biological conservation. As more lands
are developed, one of the costs is a loss of wildlife habitat [2]. It will be shown how
biological diversity can be achieved efficiently using HS. Particularly, the maximal
covering species problem (MCSP) is modeled to select a set of reserve sites that
maximizes the number of species protected for a given budget or level of effort.
2 Design of Water Distribution Networks
A water distribution network (WDN) is one critical infrastructure that conveys water
from sources to end consumers without any infection. The network consists of various
interconnected hydraulic components, such as pipes, pumps, tanks, reservoirs, treat-
ment plants, etc.
Three key factors, policies, conservation strategies, and design, must be considered
in developing a WDN. Policies establish the service objectives and financing meth-
ods; conservation strategies focus on conserving schemes and monitoring systems;
and design determines system layout and facility size [3].
Policies can be applied to service area which is defined as the geographical
boundaries, with consideration of two major factors (level of service and financing).
The level of service refers to the adequacy and reliability of service provided to cus-
tomers, and it includes the factors such as adequate pressure, adequate amount
(maximum-hourly demand), adequate hydrant amount, and reliability. Financing
mechanisms include raw-water development fees, treated-water system fees, rates,
bond issues, and taxes.
Water conservation has recently gained increasing awareness because of water
shortage. Traditionally, engineers designed water network systems to meet required
demand without considering the efficiency of the systems. In recent years, however,
conservation groups have promoted more efficient water systems, as an effort to con-
serve water. In light of conservation efforts, pipe condition assessment is important
because it can make engineers easier to find leak or break points of pipelines [4].
Several factors are considered for water network design, such as forecasted water
demand, hydraulic criteria, network layout, and network size. In terms of future water
demand, it can be estimated based on future population, which can be forecasted us-
ing various models such as arithmetical progression, geometrical progression, and ex-
ponential method [5]. Hydraulic criteria are engineering design values that ensure an
adequate level of service, including maximum and minimum pressure, pressure fluc-
tuation, head loss in pipes, and maximum velocity. Network layout and the size (pipe
diameter or pump power) of a tree-like WDN whose capacity decreases along the dis-
tance from the source node can be determined using optimization techniques.
In this section, we focus on determining the size of a WDN such that it is cost-
efficient. Our approach is compared against some benchmarks of real examples.
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