Hierarchically Organized Systems Based on Liquid Crystalline Phases - Self-Assembled Supramolecular Architectures: Lyotropic Liquid Crystals - page 157

Figure 6.2 Hierarchically ordered structures of lipids: (a) Commonly observed lipid phases for the lipid-water binary phase diagram are
indicated on the temperature-water content plot. DU shows two cubic phases, Ia3d and Pn3m, one hexagonal, H 2 , and a lamellar phase,
L α along with a molten micellar, L 2 , phase. Most of them are also stable in the excess water region, as shown by the phase separation line.
The classical phase behavior of such lipids can be further modifi ed by certain additives, such as oils, which, at constant (usually excess)
water content, as shown in (b) and at constant temperature as in (c), form additional phases such as the micellar cubic, Fd3m, phase. The
range of formations can be tuned by changing

and/or the temperature. The aforementioned equilibrium bulk nanostructures can then be
transformed into hierarchically ordered structures by external energy input with (or sometimes without) additional stabilizer. They can
take forms of O/W, as in (d) or W/O emulsions, as in (e). [Figures (a), (b), and (c) were obtained from de Campo et al. (2004), Guillot et
al. (2006), and Salonen et al. (2007), respectively, while the remaining part was modifi ed from (Kulkarni et al., 2010b).]

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