Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER 4
Nanocharacterization of Lyotropic
Liquid Crystalline Systems
PATRICK G. HARTLEY and HSIN-HUI SHEN
CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Abstract
The development of techniques for the characterization of the nanostructure of lyo-
tropic liquid crystalline systems have been crucial in enabling increased understanding
of fundamental properties and effi cacy in technological applications. This chapter pro-
vides a review of a number of commonly used and emerging nanocharacterization
techniques, with a view to providing a resource for academic and industrial researchers
joining the fi eld.
4.1
Introduction
98
4.2
Bulk Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Phase Nanocharacterization and
Phase Behavior
98
4.2.1
Polarized Optical Microscopy
99
4.2.2
Rheology
101
4.2.3
Scattering Techniques
103
4.2.4
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
106
4.2.5
Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
107
4.2.6
Electron Microscopy
108
4.3
Dispersed Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Characterization
110
4.3.1
Small - Angle X - ray Scattering in Dispersed LLC Systems
111
4.3.2
Electron Microscopy Techniques for Dispersed LLC Systems
111
4.4
Surface and Interface Characterization
116
4.4.1
Atomic Force Microscopy
116
4.4.2
Neutron Refl ectometry
117
4.5
Summary and Outlook
121
References
121
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