Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Human ecosystem
Biophysical
foundations
Social cultural
foundations
Social system
Institutions
Health
Justice
Faith
Commerce
Leisure
Governance
Sustenance
Order
Identity
Norms
Hierarchy
Cycles
Psychological
Individual
Organizational
Institutional
Energy
Assimilated
Thermal
Source
Water
Path
Rate
Quantity
Nutrients
Source
Form
Level
Materials
Toxics
Biomass
Trace gas
Air
Quality
Advection
Stratification
Biodiversity
Identity
Source
Evolution
Guilds
Soil
Structure
Chemistry
Carbon
Vegetation
Structure
Regeneration
Patch Mosaic
Disturbance
Configuration
Cultural Resources
Organizations
Beliefs
Myths
Socio-Economic Resources
Information
Population
Labor
Capital
Fig. 15.1 The human ecosystem framework as a hierarchy of potential causes and interactions
within human ecosystems (Modified after Machlis et al. [
21
])
Urban Comparisons
Some generalizations have emerged in discussing the principles. For example,
biotic homogenization is a common feature of urban systems [
46
], although not
all taxa or functional groups express homogenization. Likewise, there is an urban
stream syndrome, in which downcutting of stream beds is associated with stranding
