Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
5000
log
10
Y= 0.17 log
10
X + 1.57
R
2
= 0.209, p<0.0001
1000
500
100
50
10
5
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
Log Area (km
2
)
Fig. 10.1 Number of nonnative vascular plant species versus area for regions worldwide (Data
from [
49
]. Line is fitted by least-squares regression)
Table 10.1 Proportion (%) of extant species comprised by established nonnative freshwater fishes,
breeding birds, land mammals, and vascular plants in selected regions (Data from [
32
,
49
,
52
-
57
])
Region
Fishes
Birds
Mammals
Plants
Continental areas
Europe
10
3
19
6
Russia
7
n/a
17
n/a
Southern Africa
11
1
12
4
North America (north of Mexico)
8
4
19
11
South America
<
1
<
1
4
n/a
Australia
13
6
14
1
Islands
Puerto Rico
71
35
40
12
Bahamas
14
9
n/a
18
Bermuda
n/a
30
50
65
Hawaii
88
33
89
44
Madagascar
17
2
5
3
Japan
15
2
14
n/a
New Zealand
38
18
40
40
nonnative plants covered at least 3% of the Earth's ice-free land mass, excluding the
already immense area under agricultural cultivation [
51
]. Nonnative species comprise
substantial fractions of flora and fauna on continental areas and, especially, on
islands (
Table 10.1
). The majority of these invasions have occurred over the past
