Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 14.3: Methods to Deliver Nucleic Acids into Arthropods or their Cells.
Method of delivering DNA
Example(s) (selected references)
Artificial chromosomes
Insert genes into artificial chromosome,
insert chromosome into genome
Not yet achieved with insects, but feasible with yeast, human (Kazuki
et al. 2011), and mouse chromosomes (Peterson et al. 1997)
Biolistic methods
Gene gun
D. melanogaster (Baldarelli and Lengyel 1990)
Anopheles gambiae eggs (Mialhe and Miller 1994)
Bombyx mori salivary glands (Horard et al. 1994)
Electroporation
Electric current punches holes in
membranes, letting DNA in
B. mori eggs (Shamila and Mathavan 1998);
D. melanogaster , transient expression (Kamdar et al. 1992);
Helicoverpa zea , Musca domestica (Leopold et al. 1996)
Insert ds RNA into eggs and nymphs
RNAi of Ixodes scapularis (Karim et al. 2010)
Feeding of ds RNA for RNAi
Feeding ds RNA in plants or diets
Borgio 2010, Huvenne and Smagghe 2010
Feeding Escherichia. coli genetically
modified to produce ds RNA
Li et al. 2011
Microinject eggs after dechorionation
Method originating with D. melanogaster
(Santamaria 1986), modified for
each egg type
B. mori ( Nikolaev et al. 1993, Nagaraju et al. 1996 )
M. domestica (Yoshiyama et al. 2000)
Pectinophora gossypiella (Peloquin et al. 1997)
Microinject abdomens of females
Maternal microinjection of plasmids
containing transgenes
Metaseiulus occidentalis ( Presnail and Hoy 1992, 1994 )
Cardiochiles diaphaniae (Presnail and Hoy 1996)
Microinject testes
B. mori (Shamila and Mathavan 1998)
Nanotechnology methods
Lundin et al. 2009
Nuclear transplantation
D. melanogaster (Zalokar 1981)
Chimeric larvae of honey bee produced (Omholt et al. 1995)
Soaking insects or cells
Transfer of ds RNA for RNAi
Whyard et al. 2009, Huvenne and Smagghe 2010, Pitino et al. 2011
Sperm-mediated transformation
In vitro association of DNA with sperm (Atkinson et al. 1991)
Insert DNA by artificial insemination
Apis mellifera (Robinson et al. 2000)
hobo , isolated from D. melanogaster , can function as a vector in several
drosophilids, as well as in several tephritids (Handler and Gomez 1996). The
stability and effectiveness of the transformed insect strains developed for pest-
management programs depends on the stability of the inserted gene within the
 
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