Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER 14
Genetic Modification of Pest and
Beneficial Insects for Pest-Management
Programs
Chapter Outline
14.1 Overview 662
14.2 Introduction 664
14.3 Why Genetically Modify Insects?
664
14.3.1 Beneficial Insects
664
14.3.2 Pest Insects 667
14.4 Why Use Molecular-Genetic Methods? 668
14.5 What Genetic Modification Methods are Available?
672
14.5.1 Transposable-Element (TE) Vectors and Transgenesis
672
14.5.2 Paratransgenesis (Genetic Modification of Symbionts)
675
14.5.3 Viral Vectors 677
14.5.4 Transfer of
Wolbachia
from Another Arthropod
679
14.5.5 Site-Specific Modifications
679
14.5.6 No Vectors 680
14.5.7 RNAi to Control Pests 680
14.5.7.1 RNAi in Crop Plants 684
14.6 Methods to Deliver Exogenous Nucleic Acids into Arthropod Tissues
685
14.7 What Genes are Available? 686
14.8 Why are Regulatory Signals Important? 686
14.9 How are Modified Arthropods Identified? 687
14.10 How to Deploy Genetically Modified Pest and Beneficial Arthropods 689
14.11 Potential Risks Associated with Releases of Genetically Modified Arthropods
692
14.11.1 Could Gene Silencing Reduce Program Effectiveness?
692
14.11.2 Relative Risks 693
14.11.3 General Risk Issues 693
14.11.4 Horizontal Transfer (HT) 693
14.12 Permanent Releases of Genetically Modified Arthropods into the Environment
697
14.12.1 Models to Predict? 697
14.13 Regulatory Issues: Releases of Genetically Modified Arthropods
700
14.14 Conclusions 700
References Cited
715
