Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 10.3: Examples of Nonnuclear Influences on Sex Determination or Sex Ratio in Arthropods.
a
Microorganism
Arthropod species (order)
Effect reference(s)
Arsenophonus nasoniae
Nasonia vitripennis
Kills male eggs
gram-negative bacterium
(Hymenoptera)
Gherna et al. 1991
Bacterial male-killing in Coleoptera
Several, including
Adalia bipunctata
Males killed
Rickettsia
(Coleoptera)
Werren et al. 1994
Spiroplasma
Hurst et al. 1999a
Wolbachia
(two types)
Hurst et al. 1999b
Flavobacterium
Coleomegilla maculata
Hurst et al. 1997
Rickettsia
Adalia decempunctata
von der Schulenburg et al. 2001
Spiroplasma
Harmonia axyridis
Majerus et al. 1999
Wolbachia
Tribolium madens
Stevens 1993, Fialho and Stevens 2000
Rickettsia
Brachys tessellates
Lawson et al. 2001
Maternal sex ratio (MSR)
Nasonia vitripennis
Results in nearly all female progeny
(Hymenoptera)
Beukeboom and Werren 1992
Paternally transmitted sex ratio
factor (PSR), a supernumerary
B chromosome that is mostly
heterochromatic
Nasonia vitripennis
Fertilized eggs lose paternal
chromosomes; females converted to
males; transmitted only via sperm
(Hymenoptera)
Werren et al. 1987, Nur et al. 1988,
Beukeboom and Werren 1993
Sex-ratio condition viral?
Drosophila bifasciata
Death of male embryos
(Diptera)
Leventhal 1968
Sex-ratio condition
D. willistoni
and related
neotropical species,
Males die as embryos
Spiroplasmas
D. melanogaster
Ebbert 1991,
(Diptera)
Martins et al. 2010
Sex-ratio condition
Oncopeltus fasciatus
Leslie 1984
(Hemiptera)
Sterility in male progeny
Drosophila paulistorum
Induction of semispecies?
streptococcal L-form bacteria
(Diptera)
Somerson et al. 1984
Thelytoky
Encarsia formosa
Males produced after antibiotic
treatment; microorganisms restore
diploidy to unfertilized eggs, resulting
in all-female progeny (thelytoky).
Wolbachia
(Hymenoptera)
Zchori-Fein et al. 1992
Ostrinia scapulalis
All-female progeny produced due to
death of males; cured females produce
all-male progeny indicating
Wolbachia
is necessary for female development.
(Lepidoptera)
Kageyama and Traut 2004
Cardinium
Encarsia pergandiella
Bacterium causes thelytoky and
alters host-selection behavior
Zchori-Fein et al. 2001
Rickettsia
Neochrysocharis formosa
Female diploidy maintained by meiotic
cells undergoing a single equational
division
