Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER 4
Genetic Systems, Genome Evolution,
and Genetic Control of Embryonic
Development in Insects
Chapter Outline
4.1 Overview 104
4.2 Introduction 105
4.3 Genetic Systems in Insects 105
4.4 Endopolyploidy is Common in Somatic Tissues of Arthropods
107
4.5 Genetics of Insects Other than
D. melanogaster
107
4.6 Dynamic Insect Genomes 108
4.6.1 Horizontal Gene Transfer from Microorganisms to Insects
109
4.7 B Chromosomes 110
4.8 Unique-Sequence DNA in the Nucleus
111
4.9 Middle-Repetitive DNA in the Nucleus
111
4.9.1 Heat-Shock Genes
112
4.9.2 Histone Genes 113
4.9.3 Immune-Response Genes
113
4.9.4 Ribosomal Genes
115
4.9.5 Silk Genes 115
4.9.6 Transfer RNA Genes 116
4.9.7 Vitellogenin Genes 116
4.9.8 Transposable Elements 117
4.10 Highly Repetitive DNA 122
4.11 Producing Large Amounts of Protein in a Short Time: Gene Amplification and Gene
Duplication 123
4.11.1 Chorion Genes in
Drosophila
and Moths
124
4.11.2 Insecticide Resistance 127
4.12 Multiple Genomes in or on Insects: What is the “Biological Individual”?
127
4.12.1 Multiple Symbionts 128
4.12.2
Wolbachia
and
Cardinium
132
4.12.3 Polydnaviruses in Parasitoids 139
4.12.4 Gut Symbionts in Arthropods 141
4.12.4.1 Termite and Cockroach Symbionts
141
4.12.4.2
Rhagoletis
Symbionts 142
4.12.5 Symbiosis in Fungus-Growing Attine Ants
143
4.12.6 Southern Pine Beetle Symbionts
146
