Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CO
2
(gigatonnes)
US dollars (billions)
Return to
2005 level
by 2050
(Scenario 1)
Cut to 50 per-
cent below 2005
level by 2050
(Scenario 2)
Research, development,
demonstration and
deployment (RDD&D)
(Scenario 1)
RDD&D
costs
(Scenario 2)
POWER
7.42
12.30
2,400-2,840
3,050-3,540
Carbon capture and
storage of fossil
fuels
2.89
4.85
700-800
1,300-1,500
Nuclear
2.00
2.80
600-750
650-750
On/offshore wind
1.30
2.14
600-700
600-700
Photo-voltaics
0.67
1.32
200-240
200-240
Concentrated solar
power
0.56
1.19
300-350
300-350
BUILDINGS
6.98
8.24
320-400
340-420
Energy efficiency in
buildings and appli-
ances
6.50
7.00
n.a.
n.a.
Heat pumps
0.27
0.77
70-100
90-120
Solar space and
water heating
0.21
0.47
250-300
250-300
TRANSPORT
8.20
12.52
260-310
7,600-9,220
Energy efficiency in
transport
5.97
6.57
n.a.
n.a.
Second generation
biofuel
1.77
2.16
90-110
100-120
Electric/plug-in
vehicles
0.46
2.00
170-200
4,000-4,600
Hydrogen fuel-cell
vehicles
0.00
1.79
n.a.
3,500-4,500
INDUSTRY
3.00
5.68
700-900
1,400-1,700
CCS for industry
2.00
4.28
700-900
1,400-1,700
Industrial motor
systems
1.00
1.40
n.a.
n.a.
TOTAL
25.60
38.74
3,680-4,450
12,390-14,880
