Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
123.3W
123.2W
123.1W
123.0W
122.9W
49.3N
• Each group contains 400 houses
• Group 1 and Group 2 overlap
• Separation distances between
groups are measured with respect
to the centre of the square
0246810
(km)
49.2N
Separation distance
with respect to Group 1
01
3
8
20
49.1N
Group 6
1 km
Group 5
Groups 1 & 2
Group 4
Group 3
1 km
49.0N
28.3
Locations of building groups in Vancouver.
six groups. Each group contains 400 houses, which are randomly and uni-
formly distributed within a 1 km by 1 km square area. To investigate the
effects of separation distance between two groups on seismic loss depen-
dence, groups 2-6 are located at separation distances of 0, 1, 3, 8, and 20 km
east to group 1 (see Fig. 28.3). The portfolio is based on an existing building
inventory of 1415 wood-frame houses located in the City of Richmond,
which was used by Goda
et al.
(2011). The occupancy is mostly residential
for single-family dwelling, and the original inventory database does not
include large-size wood-frame structures with square footage greater than
3500 ft
2
. The structural characteristics of individual 2400 houses (i.e. build-
ing area, height, occupancy, and construction year) are randomly selected
from those of the 1415 existing houses in Richmond. Therefore, the gener-
ated portfolio of the 2400 houses resembles regional characteristics of
wood-frame houses in Richmond. The local soil condition in the City of
Richmond is close to the NEHRP site class D/E boundary, with
V
S30
ranging
from 150 to 250 m/s (Hunter
et al.
, 1998).
V
S30
is modelled as a lognormal
variate; for all locations, the average
V
S30
of 200 m/s and the coeffi cient of
variation of 0.075 are adopted.
28.4.2 Statistical modelling of earthquake risk exposure
The objective of this section is to illustrate how the proposed statistical
modelling approach based on the GP model and copula can be applied to
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