Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) applied to seismic risk assessment of bridges - Seismic Risk Analysis and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems - page 584

period elongation. On the other hand, advanced structural modelling tech-
niques enable the modelling of stiffness and strength degradations in dif-
ferent structural elements up to collapse including combinations of possible
failure modes. Once such advanced structural models are used in IDA, a
more precise prediction can be achieved by reducing the sources of uncer-
tainty due to modelling and incorporating different collapse modes directly
in the simulations. More experimental studies are required for different
structural elements, exciting them to collapse, to improve the structural
modelling.
21.9 Sourcesoffurtherinformation
The development of the IDA method and more details regarding the con-
cepts were described by Vamvatsikos and Cornell (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006).
More information regarding predictions of drift capacity, ductility capacity
and damage states for RC columns that is useful in structural modelling
and prediction of limit states was given by Berry and Eberhard (2007);
Berry et al. (2004), Dutta and Mander (1998); Priestley et al. (1996, 2007);
Panagiotakos and Fardis (2001); Fardis and Biskinis (2003); and Haselton
et al. (2007).
Information on the fi nancial risk assessment of bridges was provided by
Mander et al. (2007) and Dhakal and Mander (2006). Information regarding
the general aspects of modelling bridge structures was given by Priestley
et al. (1996, 2007); Berry and Eberhard (2007); and Aviram et al. (2008a,b).
Information concerning the evaluation of the modelling uncertainty is
available from Liel et al. (2009). More information regarding the probabi-
listic basis for seismic performance evaluation is available from Cornell
et al. (2002) and Jalayer and Cornell (2003).
Ground motion data for Japanese subduction earthquakes can be
obtained from the K-NET and KiK-NET databases at www.k-net.bosai.
go.jp and www.kik.bosai.go.jp; other crustal ground motion data can be
obtained from the PEER-NGA database available at http://peer.
berkeley.edu.
21.10 References
ASCE (2005), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures , ASCE
7-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.
ATC-62 (2008), Effects of Strength and Stiffness Degradation on Seismic Response ,
ATC-62/FEMA P440A, prepared by the Applied Technology Council for the
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Applied Technology Council, Redwood
City, California.
ATC-63 (2008), Quantifi cation of Building Seismic Performance Factors , ATC-63
Project Report - 90% Draft, prepared by the Applied Technology Council for the