Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
EPN: voltage ratio
WSS: head ratio
42.4
°
N
42.4
°
N
42.2
°
N
42.2
°
N
42.0
°
N
42.0
°
N
41.8
°
N
41.8
°
N
0
10
20
30
40
50 km
0
10
20
30
40
50 km
12.6
°
E12.8
°
E 13.0
°
E
13.2
°
E 13.4
°
E 13.6
°
E
12.6
°
E 12.8
°
E 13.0
°
E 13.2
°
E 13.4
°
E 13.6
°
E
(a)
(b)
Fatalities
Displaced population
42.4
°
N
42.4
°
N
42.2
°
N
42.2
°
N
0
1-6709
6710-9392
9393-12
075
12
076-13
417
0
1-1283
1284-1796
2310-2566
42.0
°
N
42.0
°
N
41.8
°
N
41.8
°
N
0
10
20
30
40
50 km
0
10
20
30
40
50 km
12.6
°
E12.8
°
E 13.0
°
E 13.2
°
E 13.4
°
E 13.6
°
E
12.6
°
E 12.8
°
E 13.0
°
E 13.2
°
E 13.4
°
E 13.6
°
E
(c)
(d)
18.13
Functional consequences of the physical damage and social impacts for the considered scenario: (a) voltage ratio,
function of direct physical damage to EPN stations; (b) head ratio (tributary cells of the same demand node share the
same value), which is a function of direct physical damage to pipelines and indirect loss of function caused by EPN
failures; (c) fatalities, function of direct physical damage to buildings; (d) displaced population, function of direct damage
to buildings and of utility loss.
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