Assessing the seismic vulnerability of masonry buildings - Seismic Risk Analysis and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems - page 336

Combined mechanisms

B1:
façade
overturning
with one
side wall

B2:
façade
overturning
with two side
walls

C: overturning
with diagonal
cracks
involving
corners

F: overturning
constrained by
ring beams or
ties

H1:
diagonal
cracks
mainly in
piers

H2: diagonal
cracks
mainly in
spandrel

M1:
soft storey due
to shear

M2:
soft storey due
to bending

A:
façade
overturning
with
vertical
cracks

D:
façade
overturning
with
diagonal
crack

E:
façade
overturning
with crack at
spadrels

G: façade
overturning with
diagonal cracks

13.1 Mechanisms for computation of limit lateral capacity of masonry façades.