Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
a greater scale, when considering an entire community, the focus is broad-
ened to include the interplay of multiple systems - human, environmental,
and others - which together add up to ensure the functioning of a society.
Various studies have been carried out, with the goal of practically evalu-
ating the concept of resilience and identifying the main units of measure-
ment of it. Miles and Chang (2006) presented a comprehensive conceptual
model of recovery, which establishes the relationships among a communi-
ty's household business, lifeline networks and neighbourhoods. Davidson
and Cagnan (2004) developed a model of the post-earthquake restoration
processes for an electric power system. Chang and Shinozuka (2004) con-
tributed to disaster resilience by discussing a quantitative measure of resil-
ience based on the case study of the Memphis water system. Bruneau and
Reinhorn (2007) for the fi rst time related probability functions, fragilities
and resilience in a single integrated approach for acute care facilities. While
this literature survey is by no mean comprehensive, it is presented here to
highlight several distinct techniques, and set the stage for future develop-
ments in this work.
Resilience (
R
) in this chapter is defi ned as the capability to sustain a level
of functionality or performance for a given building, bridge, lifeline net-
works or community, over a period defi ned as the control time
T
LC
that is
usually decided by owners or society (usually is the life cycle, lifespan of
the system, etc.). The chapter presents the concept and the mathematical
formulation of resilience-based design (RBD) using a layered approach
which is based on the combination of seven aspects of community resilience.
A performance evaluation matrix for defi ning the performance limit thresh-
old of RBD is also presented.
Preparedness and resilience are essential concepts and they are also
spreading in the engineering community. The following sections of this
chapter provide general information on the state-of-the-practice in perfor-
mance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) and the framework for
on-going and future developments of performance-based design (PBD)
towards RBD. The main aspects of the RBD framework that might prove
useful in the development of resilience-based guidelines are identifi ed.
11.2 Development of performance-based design (PBD)
The main equation of PBD is based on the total probability theorem disag-
gregating the problem into several interim probabilistic models (namely
seismic hazard, demand, capacity and loss models) and it is defi ned as
follows (Cornell and Krawinkler, 2000; Krawinkler and Miranda, 2004):
()
=
∫∫∫
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
λ
dv
G dv dm
d
G dm edp
d
G edp im
d
λ
SHA
im
[11.1]
Seismic risk
Loss analysis
Damag
e analysis
Response analysis
P
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