Seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems: an overview - Seismic Risk Analysis and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems - page 157

South America Africa Asia Turkey United States Europe Japan

1 000 000

100 000

10 000

1000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000

Total fatalities 1980-2011

6.5 Total fatalities vs monetary loss for world earthquakes
1980-2011.

Existing structure Existing structure

Existing structure

Rehabilitated
structure

Rehabilitated
structure

Rehabilitated
structure

Δ V

Δ V

Δ u

Δ u

Roof displacement Roof displacement Roof displacement

6.6 Alternative retrofi t strategies for seismic upgrading.

political, economic, and engineering parameters (Penelis and Kappos 1997).
After the 1985 Mexico earthquake, for example, use of bracing system and
addition of structural walls induced a sense of security for building occu-
pants (Penelis and Kappos 1997), and was a desired retrofi t technique
irrespective of its economic performance.
Risk management poses a challenge for decision makers to select an
alternative based on multiple and often confl icting criteria that necessitate
the use of decision support aid. In such cases, multiple criteria decision
making (MCDM) is a useful tool. For example, parameters that infl uence
desired retrofi t selection could be grouped into general criteria and