Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations.
Acronym or
Description
Section
Equation
abbreviation
introduced
introduced
AR
Autoregressive
3.5.2
3.7
ARMA
Autoregressive moving average
3.5.2
ARIMA
Autoregressive integrated moving average
3.5.2
cdf
Cumulative distribution function
3.3
C.E.
Of the Common Era
3.2
exp
Exponential function
3.3
3.2
MA
Moving average
3.5.2
pdf
Probability density function
3.3
390
370
350
330
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
(a)
15
10
5
0
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
Year
(b)
Figure 3.1 Five examples of time series. (a) Monthly mean CO 2 mole fraction (ppm), Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, January 1980
to July 2010 (Reproduced with permission from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (2010) Earth System
Research Laboratory (ESRL), Mauna Loa monthly mean CO2 data for January 1980 to July 2010, ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/
trends/co2_mm_mlo.txt (accessed 19 August 2010). Source: NOAA/National Climatic Data Center). (b) The number of worldwide
earthquakes with moment magnitude M w
10 18 N m), in successive 14-day intervals, 1977-2007
(Reproduced with permission from Global CMT catalog: Ekstrom, G., M. Nettles, and A.M. Dziewonski, The global CMT project
2004-2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 200-201, 1-9, 2012). (c) Mean daily river
discharge (m 3 s 1 ) (Slack et al ., 1993) for the hydrologic gauging station at Sacramento River near Delta, California, USA, 1 October
1945 to 30 September 1988 (43 water years), drainage area 1100 km 2 (Reproduced with permission from Slack, J.R., Lumb, A.M. and
Landwehr, J.M. (1993) Hydroclimatic data network (HCDN): a US Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for
the study of climate variation, 1874-1988. Water Resources Investigation Report, 93-4076, http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri934076/
stations/11342000.html (accessed 2 April 2012)). (d) Tree ring standardized growth index for Bristlecone pine, White Mountain,
California, USA, for the year 0 (C.E.) to 1962 (Reproduced from Ferguson, C.W., Schulman, E. and Fritts, H.C. (1994) White
Mountains Master Chronology. Electronic tree ring data from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (IGBP PAGES/World Data
Center for Paleoclimatology, NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, Colorado, USA), http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/
pls/paleo/fm_createpages.treering (accessed 10 August 2010). Source: NOAA/National Climatic Data Center). (e) Daily precipitation
(mm) for London, UK (at Heathrow Airport), 1 January to 31 December 2009 (Reproduced from NNDC (2010) Climate Data
Online. Precipitation data for Station 037720, Heathrow Airport, London, UK, http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdo#TOP (accessed
22 August 2010). Source: NOAA/National Climatic Data Center).
6 (seismic moments M 0 >
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