Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 21.4 Screen dump of the model of an economic sector in WadBOS. Recreational boating is used as an example. The boxes in
grey represent submodels that are not accessible from this diagram in the user interface (Courtesy of RIKS).
In WadBOS expenditures and prices are externally deter-
mined constants. Debits, labour costs and technical costs
are subtracted from the revenue and thus Added value of
the sector is calculated. If the latter is positive, Investments
may be made to increase the Infrastructure . Policies can
intervene directly and set a maximum limit on infras-
tructure ( Policy on infrastructure ), or indirectly through
Taxes & Subsidies . Another way of intervening into an
economic sector is by setting quotas, which ensure that
the quantity of shells mined or fish caught is reduced and
thus prevent the exhaustion of the resources.
The above relations are calculated for the entire Wad-
den Sea or per compartment (i.e. a quota can be set per
compartment). Additionally, there are also calculations
relative to a more precise location of the activity at the
level of the 25 ha cells because the activity ( Presence
recreational boating (see Figure 21.5:
Figure 21.6: ) of particular species of bird or sea animals.
Each activity contributes to one or more of the three
types of pressure on the natural system: presence and
noise, mechanical influence, and extraction.
All variables calculated at the cellular level are available
as dynamic maps, updated on a monthly basis. Maps can
be consulted at any time during the simulation for inten-
sity for each activity, the three types of pressure, and 11
forms of disturbance (a combination of an activity caus-
ing the disturbance, the species affected, and the kind of
disturbance, including noise, presence, and mechanical).
For each activity the Suitability map is a composite
measure calculated on the basis of physical, environmen-
tal and infrastructure elements characterizing each cell.
Similarly, for each activity there is a Zoning map calculated
from different factors characterizing the institutional and
legal status of each cell. The Suitability will express the
extent to which a cell is appropriate for carrying out the
activity, while the zoning map will indicate whether or
when in the course of the year the activity is allowed in the
cell. Both maps can be interactively edited in the system
thus enabling the user to define different kinds of spatial
policy measures. The OVERLAY-Tool, available from the
toolbase of WadBOS enables the interactive generation
of the suitability and zoning maps (see below on the
toolbase).
)) is not equally
distributed over the entire sea, nor is it equally intense
during the whole year (see Figure 21.5: ). It is in particu-
lar the cell's Suitability (see Figure 21.5:
) for an activity
that determines where the Intensity (see Figure 21.5:
)
is high or low. However, the distribution of activities
can be controlled through Zoning-policies by closing areas
(see Figure 21.5:
) permanently or for particular peri-
ods during the year. The latter is an important policy
lever, because a high intensity may cause Exposure (see
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