Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
0
5
10
15
15
15
10
12
13
10
10
2
1
5
6
3
4
7
8
11
5
5
14
0
0
0
5
10
Distance east from origin (km)
(a)
15
0.4
0.2
0.0
D
S
−
0.2
−
0.4
−
0.6
−
0.8
(b)
Figure 6.4
(a) Topography of part of Kintyre, Scotland, showing the location of wind-sampling sites; and (b) Comparison of
observed (filled circles) and modelled fractional speed-ups (continuous and dotted lines - with and without modelling of
atmospheric stability) along a line connecting sites 1 to 8 (from Inglis
et al
., 1995).
increasing both in the academic literature but also in the
industry. The motivation for this is often the reduced cost
compared with physical model testing.
In his history of wind engineering, Baker (2007) indi-
cates that CWE is a relatively recent development and
classifies it as part of his 'modern period', which is
defined as being from 1980 onwards. This is a fair assess-
ment, the earliest paper mentioning the
k
-
Kot, 1985). After the initial excitement and subsequent
surge of papers using CFD to model (wind) flows around
surface-mounted objects, it became clear very quickly that
the models available fell down because of the complexities
of the flows involved. As Murakami (1997: 4) points out:
There are two reasons why CWE is difficult. First, flow
obstacles
always exist in the flowfieldwithin the surface
boundary layer. Second, these flowobstacles, the so-called
bluff bodies, have sharp edges at their corners.
...
model (see
Section 6.2.5) in the literature is in 1985 (Yeung and
ε
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