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Telencephalon
Cortex
Midbrain
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Tectum
Olfactory
bulb
Medulla
Hypothalamus
Pons
Forebrain
Hindbrain
Figure 5.14
Major divisions of the vertebrate brain. The hindbrain comprises the medulla
(which contains centers that regulate several autonomic visceral functions such as breathing,
heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion), the pons (which also
participates in some of these activities), and the cerebellum.
Source
:
Bownds (2001)
.
Neocortex
(neomammalian)
Limbic system
(old mammalian)
Reptilian
Figure 5.15
The model of the triune brain proposed by Paul MacLean, indicating brain
areas that are added during vertebrate evolution. The reptilian brain is the main seat of innate
or instinctive behaviors regulating primitive survival issues. The old mammalian brain, or the
limbic system, expresses innate motivational value systems that interact with the newer cortex, or
neocortex, which manages propositional information and declarative knowledge about the world.
Source
:
Bownds (2001)
.
The increased structural sophistication of the CNS in vertebrates proceeded in
parallel to the increased complexity in morphology, physiology, and behavior of
the group. Among the novelties of the vertebrate brain, the neural crest, a transient
embryonic structure, plays a special role in the development and evolution of almost
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