Retention and Transfer of Pollution by Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling - Environmental Geomechanics - page 407

− whether the hydrocarbon is light;
− possible dissolution in the aquifer of the soluble phases; and
− whether volatile components leak into the surrounding air via toxic vapors
released through the pores of the partially saturated soil.
If the components are immiscible, the pollution is a proper fluid phase within the
soil and its transport is studied by means of the models used for the simulation of oil
reservoirs and for partially saturated soils. The phenomenological laws and
governing equations are known and the numerical solution of the coupled equations
required by the problem have been determined by means of finite element codes, of
which some application examples have been shown in this chapter.
Modeling the fate of hydrocarbon pollution requires knowledge of the actual
state of pollution in the soil and the measure or estimation of the corresponding
physical parameters that is as accurate as possible. The uncertainties and variability
of these parameters and the difficulty of their measurement are often more
demanding than the numerical simulation, which takes advantage of experience
gained in neighboring domains.
14.5. Bibliography
[ACA 00] A CADÉMIE DES S CIENCES , Pollution Localisée des Sols et des Sous-sols par les
Hydrocarbures et les Solvants Chlorés. Rapport N° 44 , Tec & Doc, Paris, 2000.
[BIS 59] B ISHOP A.W., “The principle of effective stress”, Teknisk Ukeblad , no. 39, pp. 859-
863, 1959.
[BRG 01] BRGM, Guide sur le Comportement des Polluants dans le Sol et les Nappes ,
BRGM, 2001 (available at: www.fasp.info).
[BRO 66] B ROOKS R.N., C OREY A.T., “Properties of porous media affecting fluid flow”,
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division , vol. 92, pp. 61-68, 1996.
[CHA 86] C HAPPELEAR J.E., N OLEN J.S., “Second comparative solution project: a three-phase
coning study”, Journal of Petroleum Technology , vol. 3, pp. 345-353, 1986.
[CUI 03] C UI , Y.J., D ELAGE P., A LZOGHBI P., “Retention and transport of a hydrocarbon in a
silt”, Géotechnique , vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 83-91, 2003.
[DAK 81] D AKSANAMURTHY V., F REDLUND D.G., “A mathematical model for predicting
moisture flow in an unsaturated soil under hydraulic and temperature gradients”, Water
Resources Research , vol. 17, pp. 714-722, 1981.
[HAS 79] H ASSANIZADEH M., G RAY W., “General Conservation equations for multriphase
systems: 1, averaging procedure”, Advances in Water Resources , vol. pp. 2, 131-144,
1979.