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Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson (1980). Metaphors we live by . Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Meehan, James (1981). TALE-SPIN. In R. C. Schank & C. K. Riesbeck, (Eds.), Inside
computer understanding: Five programs plus miniatures (pp. 197-226). Hillsdale, New
Jersey: Erlbaum.
Minsky, Marvin (1987). The society of mind . New York: Simon and Schuster.
Newell, Allen (1990). Unified theories of cognition . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press.
Ortony, Andrew, Gerald L. Clore, & Allan Collins (1998). The cognitive structure of emotions .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schank, Roger C. (1973). Conceptualizations underlying natural language. In R. C. Schank
&K.M.Colby,(Eds.), Computer models of thought and language (pp. 187-247). San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Literary theory
Literary theory provided an important framework for understanding language,
communication, and cognition in ways critical of the conceptions underly-
ing artificial intelligence. Roland Barthes' work on semiotics and the “death of
the author,” Wolfgang Iser's work on reception aesthetics, and Michael Reddy's
“toolmakers paradigm” enabled us to go beyond the sender-receiver model of
communication underlying most thinking in computer science to one in which
meaning is an active and constructive process. Aristotle's rhetorical theory pro-
vided an important common toolset for analyzing the structure and style of the
texts, artifacts, and theories. Frances Yates' work on memory palaces offered
us ancient but highly relevant ways of organizing discourse and memory, and
provided fertile metaphors for envisioning new types of computational media
systems and interfaces.
Aristotle (1977). The rhetoric and the poetics of Aristotle . New York: Random House Modern
Library.
Barthes, Roland. (1977). The death of the author. In Image, music, text (pp. 142-148). New
York: Hill and Wang.
Barthes, Roland. (1977). From work to text. In Image, music, text (pp. 155-164). New York:
Hill and Wang.
Iser, Wolfgang. (1974). The reading process: A phenomenological approach. In The implied
reader: Patterns of communication in prose fiction from Bunyan to Beckett (pp. 274-294).
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Iser, Wolfgang. (1989). The play of the text. In Prospecting: From reader response to literary
anthropology (pp. 249-261). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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