Farmer Tree Planting Barriers to Sustainable Forest Management - Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services - page 426

presence of 'planted trees' (and 'managed' trees) in the landscape. Tree farming
will then emerge when and where it is appropriate, as long as society at large pro-
vides the right signals and rewards.
A provocative thought to conclude this contribution: in conditions where large-
scale plantations operate with substantial government subsidies (direct or indirect,
partly justified by environmental service functions), in contrast to non-existent or
minimal subsidies for agroforestry, the potential to produce wood and simultane-
ously provide for many forest benefits and ecological services with agroforestry is
placed at a disadvantage, to the detriment of society at large.
Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Bruno Verbist (ICRAF), Fiona Chandler, Bruce Campbell
(CIFOR) and Greg Ruark (USA) for comments on an earlier draft.
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