Farmer Tree Planting Barriers to Sustainable Forest Management - Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services - page 412

Q1. Avoid deforestation

Q4. Increase
steady state
tree cover

Q2. Deflect
forest degradation

Q3. Speed up
rehabilitation of
degraded lands

Time

Strategic intervention points

Fig. 20.1 The overall pattern of loss of natural forest followed by the increase of farmer-grown
or forester-managed tree plantations, variously described as a 'U curve', 'inverse J' or inverted
Kuznets curve ('it has to become bad before it can become better')

1. Terminology issues linked to the legal status of land, restricting access to land
or the right to plant and benefit from trees (SFM Criterion 7)
2. Access to planting material of good quality and proven suitability for the site
(SFM Criterion 2)
3. Management skill and know-how to produce tree products of the qualities rec-
ognized and appreciated in markets for tree products (SFM Criterion 2 and 6)
4. Overregulation of access to markets for farmer grown timber (SFM Criterion 7)
5. Lack of systematic validation and reward mechanisms for environmental serv-
ices provided on farm (SFM Criterion 1, 3, 4 and 5)
6. Lack of a supportive legal and institutional framework (SFM Criterion 7)

20.2 Bottleneck 1: Terminology of Forestry and Agroforestry

The word 'tree plantations' to the general public combines the generally positive
word 'tree' in association with the word 'plantations'. The use of the word 'planta-
tion' often has an emotional loading depending on the audience.
When we accept a (growing) need for agricultural and tree-based production
systems ('food and fibre') as well as for the environmental service functions gener-
ally associated with 'forest', we can still acknowledge a wide spectrum of land-
scape level configurations that potentially meet these demands (Fig. 20.2). These