Smallholder Tree Growing in South and Southeast Asia - Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services - page 10

Forest-rich -------- ---------------------------------- -> Forest-poor

Forest cover

Population

Tree planting

Passive phase Active, low-intensity

phase

Active, high-
intensity phase

Trees inside forests Trees outside forest Trees in-

/outside forest

Swidden systems
Agroforests
Village forests
Community forests
Enrichment planting
Taungya system
Rubber / tea forests
Homegardens

Tree boundaries
Road-side trees
Intercropping
Homegardens
Tree plantations

Enrichment
forest/
Tree plantations
Farm forests
Intercropping
Homegardens
Improved tree
fallows

<--- Lao PDR ----> < ----- Bangladesh -->
<------- Philippines ---- India ---------->
<------Thailand ---- Nepal --------------->
<---------- Indonesia ----- Vietnam ---------->

Fig. 1.1 Tree growing activities on (originally) forested land subject to changes in human popula-
tion number, forest cover and corresponding phases of land use intensification in the countries
discussed within the framework of this topic, i.e., the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh,
Lao PDR, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam

this volume). The challenge in these areas is to move from an active phase of low-
intensity tree growing towards a phase with trees planted at a wider, yet more
intensive, scale in farms, blocks, watersheds and zones of forest regeneration, under
conditions of increasing population pressure (Fig. 1.1). Farmers' decision making
in growing trees on farms and grasslands highly depends on favorable conditions of
land tenure security, community fire control, available technology, and marketing
channels (Van Noordwijk et al. 1997).