The Reforestation Value Chain for the Philippines - Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services - page 188

Table 9.1 Inputs for ReV Chain
Inputs Value-adding activity

Mother trees Seed production

Seed orchards
Seed suppliers
Quality seeds Seedling production

Nurseries
Quality seedlings Tree planting and maintenance

Technology Harvesting

Technology Processing

Markets Marketing

Marketing system

9.3.1 Land Tenure

Legally, upland areas which are the target of reforestation projects are owned by the
government. In reality, there are perhaps up to 20 million people in these areas
(Cruz and Zosa-Feranil 1988). In 1995, community-based forest management
(CBFM) was adopted as the national strategy for sustainable forestry and social
equity. The different programs and projects that were implemented in the last two
decades were “integrated and unified” into one umbrella program, known as the
Community-Based Forest Management Program (CBFMP). A key component of
this program was the granting of land tenure to farmers who participate in the gov-
ernment's tree planting program such as reforestation and agroforestry. The main
premise of these programs is that a secure tenure is a prerequisite for meaningful
participation of local farmers. To date, close to 6 million hectares of forest lands are
under some form of community forest management. Of these, about 4.7 million
hectares have been issued with various forms of land tenure instruments including
around 1.57 million hectares issued with Community Based Forest Management
Agreement or CBFMA (FMB 2004).
Thus as a first step, the ReV Chain recognizes the need to ensure that the land
tenure arrangement is clear before the start of any reforestation activity. If there is
any conflict over land, then chances of success of a reforestation activity are very
low. This is borne out of experience (Pasicolan et al. 1997). For example, trees
planted by government personnel or contractors on land claimed by farmers are
eventually destroyed by the latter.

9.3.2 Seed Production

The aim of this activity is to produce quality seeds. There are a series of measures
related to this activity, starting from mother tree selection to seed treatments to seed
storage. A value chain can in fact be constructed for seed production. In the