Dudukuhan Tree Farming Systems in West Java: How to Mobilize Self-Strengthening of Community-Based Forest Management? - Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services - page 104

Table 4.4 Multiple regression analysis results of dependent and independent
variables of dudukuhan timber system
Variable Timber system

Number of species Number of trees

Fruit Timber Fruit Timber

Dudukuhan size (ha) 0.100 0.007*** 0.671 0.586

Tree density (N/ha) 0.328 0.217 0.105 0.016**

Basal area (m 2 ) 0.621 0.354 0.086* −0.042**

Elevation (m a.s.l.) 0.521 0.778 −0.052* 0.012**

Number of fruit species 0.083*

Number of fruit trees 0.072*

Number of timber species 0.083*
Number of timber trees 0.072*
*** indicates significance at 1% level, ** at 5% level and * at 10% level

There are no significant relationships between dependent and independent
variables in mixed fruit-timber-banana-annual crops systems (Table 4.6). These
systems are very similar with home garden systems; with many mixed fruit-timber-
banana-annual crops systems located near farmers' houses. Farmers prefer mixed
fruit-timber-banana-annual crop systems because they providing short-term,
medium-term and long-term household and income needs. Bananas and annual
crops meet short-term needs; Artocarpus heterophyllus meets medium-term needs;
and other fruit and timber species provide for long-term needs. These dudukuhan
systems receive the most inputs and provide the greatest benefit to farmers
(see Table 4.4). Net returns from mixed fruit-timber-banana-annual crop systems is
IDR 4,161,000 per ha (Budidarsono et al. 2004).
Multiple Regression analysis indicates that in mixed fruit-timber systems all
independent variables significantly influence the number of fruit trees (Table 4.7).
Farmers tend to plant favor fruit trees over timber trees as the size of the mixed fruit-
timber system decreased. Fruit trees are planted at wider spacing, so the tree density
decreases when the numbers of fruit tree increased. Basal area increases as mixed
fruit-timber systems mature in age, fruit trees are more common in these systems
because they are maintained for longer periods than timber trees which are harvested
at young age. Elevation has a negative influence on the number of fruit trees in
mixed fruit-timber systems because market demand favors timber trees in the
upstream area of Nanggung. The numbers of timber species and fruit species in these
systems have inversion influences on each other. This data demonstrates farmers'
preference for fruit trees as a strategy to maintain or increase their livelihoods.
The Multiple Regression analysis for the fallow system (Table 4.8) show that the
number of fruit species increases as dudukuhan size increases. This makes sense as
a large area can accommodate many fruit species. Fallow systems are not actively
managed; this allows opportunity for natural regeneration of fruit and timber
species from surrounding lands and from discarded seed. Because fruit collection
from fallow systems is open to all, community members tend to protect and encourage
natural regeneration of fruit species in all fallow systems, not just their own.