Tree Growing on Farms in Northeast Luzon (The Philippines): Smallholders’ Motivations and Other Determinants for Adopting Agroforestry Systems - Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services - page 78

Table 3.1 Household and field characteristics for both tree and non-tree growers in five farmer
villages in the Cagayan Valley, the Philippines
Household characteristics Tree growers

n = 76

Non-tree growers
n = 75

p-value a

Total farm area (ha) 1.95 (1.50) b 1.11 (0.94) 0.000 1

% farms in lowland 20 64

% farms in hilly lowland 14 24 0.000 2

% farms in upland 66 12

Age of household head 47(12) 38(12) 0.000 3

% Ilocano 71 95 0.000 2

% non Ilocano 29 5

% primary school or lower c 78 72 0.420 2

% higher than primary school c 22 28

Number of household members 5 (2) 5 (2) 0.431 3

Times spent on income generation from
non-farming activities (days per month)

10 (15) 7 (8) 0.150 1

% with capital for input and transport 48 56 0.327 2

% without capital for input and transport 52 44

% with debt to trader 55 71 0.043 2

% without debt to trader 45 29

% received extension 51 16 0.000 2

% no extension 49 84

% with membership to local organization 42 55 0.122 2

% without membership 58 45

Field characteristics With trees

n = 137

Without trees
n = 241

p-value a

Size of field (ha) 1.07 (1.01) 0.47 (0.45) 0.000 1

Distance field-house (min) 31 (25) 28 (32) 0.414 3

% flat land 42 73 0,000 2

% sloping land 58 27

% fine textured soil 34 32

% medium textured soil 56 35 0.000 2

% coarse textured soil 10 33

% secure tenure 41 77 0.000 2

% insecure tenure 59 23
a p 1 = p-value of T-test with equal variances not assumed; p 2 : p-value of

χ 2 test; p 3 : p-value of GML

univariate analysis for unbalanced designs
b Value in brackets represents standard deviation
c Highest education level among household members

The results of the field-level regression (Table 3.2) suggest a significant but
diverse relationship between fields with trees and SOILTEXTURE: tree growing is
positively related to fine-textured soils and negatively related to coarse-textured
soils. The fine textured soils refer to clayey soils, including black, cracking clayey
soils ( Vertic Luvisols ) and reddish clayey soils ( Ferric Luvisols ; Snelder 2001). The
size of a field (PLOTSIZE) and insecure land tenure (TENADAP insecure ) are also