Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Epoxide resins (EP)
Filler, adhesives, paint, floor finishes, clear finishes,
moulding of electrical components
Polyurethane (PUR)
Thermal insulation (foamed), adhesives, clear finishes, floor
finishes, moulding of electrical components, paint, sealants
Unsaturated polyester (UP)
Roof lights, window frames, gutters, adhesives, clear finishes,
(reinforced with fibreglass)
floor finishes, rooflight domes, tanks, bath tubs, boards,
paint
Notes:
(1)
Based on cellulose
(2)
Based on silicon dioxide, but polymerization requires the help of hydrocarbons
(3)
Based on milk casein with the additional help of formaldehyde
(4)
Bakelite is the trade name for phenolic materials manufactured by Bakelite Xylonite Ltd.
Table 9.8:
The use of additives in plastic products
Area of use
Additive /type of plastic (abbreviation, see Table 9.7)
Anti-oxidants and ultraviolet
stabilizers (0.02-1.8% by weight)
Phenols/various • phosphorous compounds/various •
hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles/various • soya oil/PVC •
lead compounds/PVC • organic tin compounds/PVC •
organic nickel compounds/PVC • barium-cadmium
compounds/PVC • calcium-zinc compounds/PVC
Lubricants
Stearates, paraffin oils, paraffin waxes, amide waxes/various
Colour pigments (0.5-1% by weight)
Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Nd, Pb (as shown in Table 18.2)/various
Fire retardants (up to 10% by weight)
Chlorine compounds/PE, PP and PVC • bromine
compounds/various • phosphorus compounds/PVC, PPO •
phosphates/ABS, PE and PP • boron compounds/various •
tin oxide/various • zinc oxide/various • zinc borate/various
• aluminium trioxide and trihydrate/various • antimony
silicates/various
Smoke reducer (approx.
Aluminium trihydrate/various • antimony trioxide
2.5-10% by weight)
metals/various • molybdenum oxide/PVC
Anti-static agents (up to 4% by weight)
Ammonia compounds of alkanes/various • alkyl
sulphonates, sulphates and phosphates/various •
polyethylene glycol, esters and ethers/various • fatty acids-
esters/various • ethanolamides/various • mono- and
diglycerides/various • ethoxylated fatty amides/various
Softeners (up to 50% by weight)
Phthalatesters/various • aliphatic esters from dicarbon
acid/various • esters from phosphonic acid/various • esters
and phenols from alkylsulphonic acid/various • esters from
citric acid/various • trimellitate/various • chlorofied
paraffins/various • polyesters/various
Fillers (up to 50% by weight)
Challac, zinc oxide, wood, flour, stone flour, talcum,
kaolin/various
Foaming agents
Pentane/PS, PF, PUR • trichlorofluoromethane/PS, UF, PUR,
PF • dichlorodifluoromethane/PS • oxygen/UF • water/PF
