Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 13.6 ( Continued )
Product
Description
Application
Leptospira vaccines
Killed strain of Leptospira interogans
Active immunization against
leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica
(Weil's disease)
Measles vaccines
Live attenuated strains of measles virus
Active immunization against measles
Meningococcal vaccines
Purifi ed surface polysaccharide antigens
of one or more strains of Neisseria
meningitidis
Active immunization against
N. meningitidis (can cause meningitis
and septicaemia)
Mumps vaccine
Live attenuated strain of the mumps virus
( Paramyxovirus parotitidus )
Active immunization against mumps
Pertussis vaccines
Killed strain(s) of B. pertussis
Active immunization against whooping
cough
Plague vaccine
Formaldehyde-killed Yersinia pestis
Active immunization against plague
Pneumococcal vaccines
Mixture of purifi ed surface polysaccharide
antigens obtained from differing
serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Active immunization against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Poliomyelitis vaccine
(Sabin vaccine: oral)
Live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis
virus
Active immunization against polio
Poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk
vaccine: parenteral)
Inactivated poliomyelitis virus
Active immunization against polio
Rabies vaccines
Inactivated rabies virus
Active immunization against rabies
Rotavirus vaccines
Live attenuated strains of rotavirus
Active immunization against rotavirus
(causes severe childhood diarrhoea)
Rubella vacines
Live attenuated strain of Rubella virus
Active immunization against rubella
(German measles)
Tetanus vaccines
Toxoid formed by formaldehyde treatment
of toxin produced by C. tetani
Active immunization against tetanus
Ty p h oid va c c i n e s
Killed Salmonella typhi
Active immunization against typhoid
fever
Ty p hu s va c c i n e s
Killed epidemic Rickettsia prowazekii
Active immunization against
louse-borne typhus
Varicella zoster vaccines
Live attenuated strain of Herpes virus
varicellae
Active immunization against
chickenpox
Yellow fever vaccines
Live attenuated strain of yellow fever virus
Active immunization against yellow fever
13.4.1.1
Attenuated, dead or inactivated bacteria
Attenuation (bacterial or viral) represents the process of elimination or greatly reducing the viru-
lence of a pathogen. This is traditionally achieved by, for example, chemical treatment or heat,
growing under adverse conditions or propagation in an unnatural host. The attenuated product
should still immunologically cross-react with the wild-type pathogen. Although rarely occurring
in practice, a theoretical danger exists in some cases that the attenuated pathogen might revert
to its pathogenic state. An attenuated bacterial vaccine is represented by BCG. BCG is a strain
of tuberculae bacillus that fails to cause tuberculosis, but retains much of the antigenicity of the
pathogen. Killing or inactivation of pathogenic bacteria usually renders them suitable as vaccines.
This is usually achieved by:
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