Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
remain in medical use (Table 13.6). These can largely be categorized into one of several groups,
including:
•
live, attenuated bacteria (e.g. bacillus Calmette-
Guérin
(BCG), used to immunize against tuber-
culosis);
•
dead or inactivated bacteria (e.g. cholera and pertussis vaccines);
•
live attenuated viruses (e.g. measles, mumps and yellow fever viral vaccines);
•
inactivated viruses (hepatitis A and polio (Salk) viral vaccines);
•
toxoids (e.g. diphtheria and tetanus vaccines);
•
pathogen-derived antigens (e.g. hepatitis B, meningococcal, pneumococcal and
Haemophilus
infl uenzae
vaccines).
Table 13.6
Some traditional vaccine preparations that fi nd medical application. In addition to being
marketed individually, a number of such products are also marketed as combination vaccines. Examples
include diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines and measles, mumps and rubella vaccines
Product
Description
Application
Anthrax vaccines
Bacillus anthracis
-derived antigens found
in a sterile fi ltrate of cultures of this
microorganism.
Active immunization against anthrax
BCG (bacillus Calmette-
Guérin) vaccine
Live attenuated strain of
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Active immunization against
tuberculosis
Brucellosis vaccine
Antigenic extract of
Brucella abortus
Active immunization against brucellosis
Cholera vaccine
Dead strain(s) of
Vibrio cholerae
Active immunization against cholera
Cytomegalovirus vaccines
Live attenuated strain of human
cytomegalovirus
Active immunization against
cytomegalovirus
Diphtheria vaccine
Diphtheria toxoid formed by treating
diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde
Active immunization against diphtheria
Japanese encephalitis
vaccine
Inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus
Active immunization against viral
agents causing Japanese encephalitis
H. infl uenzae
vaccine
Purifi ed capsular polysaccharide of
H.
infl uenzae
type b (usually linked to a
protein carrier, forming a conjugated
vaccine)
Active immunization against
H. infl uenzae
type b infections
(major causative agent of meningitis
in young children)
Hepatitis A vaccine
(Formaldehyde)-inactivated hepatitis A
virus
Active immunization against
hepatitis A
Hepatitis B vaccine
Suspension of hepatitis B surface antigen
(HBsAg) purifi ed from the plasma of
hepatitis B sufferers
Active immunization against hepatitis B
(note: this preparation has largely been
superseded by HBsAg preparations
produced by genetic engineering)
Infl uenza vaccines
Mixture of inactivated strains of infl uenza
virus
Active immunization against infl uenza
(
Continued
)
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