Biomedical Engineering Reference
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Figure 11.2
Structure of the insulin receptor (a). Binding of insulin promotes autophosphorylation of the
β
-
subunits, where each
β
-subunit phosphorylates the other
β
-subunit. Phosphate groups are attached to three
specifi c tyrosine residues (tyrosines 1158, 1162 and 1163), as indicated in (b). Activation of the
β
-subunit's
tyrosine kinase activity in turn results in the phosphorylation of various intracellular (protein) substrates
which trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinase and/or the phosphoinositide (PI-3) kinase pathway re-
sponsible for inducing insulin's mitogenic and metabolic effects. The underlying molecular events occurring
in these pathways are complex (e.g. refer to Combettes-Souverain, M. and Issad, T. 1998. Molecular basis of
insulin action.
Diabetes and Metabolism
,
24
, 477-489)
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