Biomedical Engineering Reference
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Fig. 3 Important mechanotransduction pathways participating in the commitment and the
terminal differentiation of adipocyte and related cell lineages. The inverse color number
corresponds the each section in the text; 3.2, Cellular mechanical properties and cytoskeletal
controls; 3.3, Extracellular matrix-integrin interaction; 3.4, Rho-Rho-kinase pathway; 3.5, Dual
effects of ERK in the stretch-induced response on adipogenesis; 3.6, Cyclooxygenase pathway;
3.7, Wnt signal; 3.8, Tension-induced/inhibited protein (isoforms TIP-1/TIP-3 and TIP-6),
pathways, respectively; 4, Possible pharmacological interventions at 3.3, 3.4, and 3.6. Arrows
denote activation and blunted lines indicate inhibition. Dotted lines indicate speculative pathways
and bold dashed lines indicate indirect or yet fully determined pathways. The following
abbreviations are used in this figure: [Ca 2+ ] i , intracellular calcium concentration; AA, arachidonic
acid; Ac-H3/H4, acetylated histone H3, H4; AP-1, activator protein-1; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer
binding protein; COX, cyclooxygenase; cPLA 2 , cytosolic phospholipase A 2 ; CREB, cAMP
responsive element; E 2 , prostaglandin E 2 ; ECM, extracellular matrix; EP4, prostaglandin E 2
receptor 4; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK/MAPK, extracellular
signal regulated protein kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase; F 2 a, prostaglandin F 2 a; FAK,
focal adhesion kinase; FP, prostaglandin F 2 a receptor; Grb, growth factor receptor-bound protein;
IjB, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B; IKK, IjB kinase; IP 3 , inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; LRPs,
low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins; MEK, MAPK/ERK kinase; NFjB, nuclear
factor kappa B; PIP 2 , Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PLC, phospholipase C; PM, plasma
membrane; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PPRE, PPAR response element;
Pref, preadipocyte factor; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; Ras, rat sarcoma associated small
GTPase; RhoK, Rho-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RXR, retinoid X receptor; SAC,
stretch activating channel; Sos, son of sevenless; Src, Rous sarcoma virus associated protein
tyrosine kinase; SRF, serum response factor; TIP, tension-inducible/inhibitory protein
Integrins are cell-surface adhesion receptors consisting of ab heterodimeric
transmembrane proteins [ 60 ]. At least 24 different isoforms of integrin consisting
of various combinations of 18a and 8b chains have been identified [ 63 ]. It was
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