The Vicious Cycle of Estrogen Consumption and Obesity: The Role of Mechanotransduction - The Mechanobiology of Obesity and Related Diseases - page 91

Table 1 Estrogen effects on proliferation of preadipocytes

Species Anatomical site Gender and metabolic

state

Type of
cells

Effect Ref.

Humans Omental adipose tissue Males and females Primary : [ 57 ]

sc and omental adipose
tissues

Males, post- and pre-
menopausal females

Primary : [ 2 ]

Omental adipose tissue Massively obese females Primary : [ 11 ]

Rats Epididymal, parametrial and

sc adipose tissues

Males Primary No [ 17 ]

effect

Parametrial adipose tissue Females Primary No [ 17 ]

effect

sc adipose tissues Females Primary : [ 17 ]

Mouse - 3T3-L1

Cell
line

; [ 41 ]

'':'' denotes increase. ''sc'' = subcutaneous

Table 2 Estrogen effects on adipocyte differentiation

Species Anatomical site Gender Type of cells Effect Ref.

Human Bone marrow Males and

females

Primary
mesenchymal
stem cells

; [ 82 ]

Rats Epididymal, parametrial and

sc adipose tissues

Males Primary

preadipocytes

No [ 17 ]

effect

Parametrial adipose tissue Females Primary

preadipocytes

: [ 17 ]

Mouse - 3T3-L1 preadipocyte

cell line

; [ 41 , 31 ,

35 ]

'':'' a n d '' ;'' denote an increase and decrease, respectively. ''sc'' = subcutaneous

can enhance proliferation of preadipocytes from a human source, and inhibit
proliferation of the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The response of the preadipocytes from
the rats depends on the sex and anatomical location. The levels of differentiation in
human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) [ 82 ] and in 3T3-L1
preadipocytes [ 31 , 35 , 41 ] both decreased following chronic exposure to estrogen.
On the other hand, the differentiation of male rat and omental female rat preadi-
pocytes was not affected or even increased following exposure to estrogen,
respectively [ 17 ]. Hence, proliferation and differentiation of human adipocytes
were increased and decreased, respectively, when the cells were exposed to
estrogen. Proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were both
found to be inhibited by the estrogen. Estrogen does not significantly influence
proliferation nor differentiation of preadipocytes from rat males, but it can promote
both processes in preadipocytes from rat females (Tables 1 and 2 ). The diversity in
these findings (Tables 1 and 2 ) may be attributed to different expression patterns of
estrogen receptors (ERs) in adipose cells from different species, anatomical sites or