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and ability to provide economic growth and development for countries
worldwide. The global tourism movement has grown from 25 million
global tourists in 1950 to 983 million in 2011. International tourism re-
ceipts for 2011 are estimated at US$ 1,030 billion worldwide setting new
records in most destinations despite economic challenges in many source
markets (Olsen, 2003; UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2012). According to
the UNWTO report, “the number of international tourist arrivals world-
wide is expected to increase by 3.3% a year on average from 2010 to 2030.
This may represent 43 million more international tourist arrivals every
year, reaching a total of 1.8 billion arrivals by 2030…. The market share
of emerging economies has increased from 30% in 1980 to 47% in 2011,
and is expected to reach 57% by 2030, equivalent to over 1 billion interna-
tional tourist arrivals. Globally, as an export category, tourism ranks fourth
after fuels, chemicals and food” (Artto, 1987; Buyers, 2003).
Visitor expenditure on accommodations, food and drinks, local trans-
portation, entertainment and shopping is an important contributor to the
economy of many destinations, creating much needed employment and
opportunities for development (UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2007).
Thus, the sector is an important driver of growth and prosperity, particu-
larly for developing countries. It also has a key role in the reduction of
poverty (Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, 2011).
In terms of emerging destinations, based on 2020 estimations, the East
Asia and Pacific Region is expected to continue its strong performance
and hold a 25% market share in 2020. Similarly, the Middle East, with an
expected growth rate of 7.1% a year, is projected to be the fastest grow-
ing region in the world. Another trend in tourism movement is emanated
from the increasing number of potential travelers from large population
countries (India, China, Indonesia, etc.) and emerging new economic pow-
erhouses (Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia). It is also
anticipated that there will be a new mass tourism wave arising from devel-
oping Asian economies. Intraregional travel is also expected to increase
in Europe and East Asia and the Pacific region, resulting from Open Sky
agreements and low cost airlines, which will influence tourist travel pat-
terns (CRC Report, 2008).
The Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Center's (CRC) 2008
report summarized global trends affecting tourism. This summary divided
these trends into five categories, namely, long-term economic, social, po-
litical, environmental, and technological trends affected by globalization.
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