Anions in aqueous precipitation - Determination of Anions in Natural and Treated Waters - page 446

the physical constraints.
5.1.14.2 Mass spectrometry: sulphate and nitrate
Ligen and Dorn [29] determined these two anions in rain by mass spectrometry.
5.1.14.3 Ion chromatography
Bromate, bromide, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate and phosphate
Pyen and Erdmann [15] have described an ion chromatographic method for the
determination of bromate (and bromide, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, phosphate, nitrate and
sulphate) in rainwater.
Sulphite, fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate
This technique has been applied to the determination of sulphite (and fluoride, chloride,
bromide, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate) in rainwater [6].
5.1.14.4 Flow injection analysis: nitrate, chloride, nitrite, sulphate and
phosphate
Flow injection analysis has been applied to the determination of nitrite in rainwater [22]
(and chloride, nitrite, sulphate and phosphate).
5.2 Snow and ice
5.2.1 Total alkalinity
5.2.1.1 Titration method
Legrand et al. [47] carried out alkalinity and acidity titrations on polar snow. The method
is accurate to ±0.2µ equiv. L −1 acidity or alkalinity. Contamination free sampling and
sample handling techniques are described.
5.2.2 Bromide
5.2.2.1 Isotope dilution analysis
The mass spectrometric isotope dilution method described by Henmann et al. [4,48] for
the determination of down to µg L −1 chloride in ice and snow had been applied to the
determination of bromide. Down to 0.4µg L −1 bromide could be determined.