Anions in non saline waters - Determination of Anions in Natural and Treated Waters - page 110

fluorescence of fluorescein [130]. It has been applied to measurement of bromine
aerosols and airborne particulates.
2.12.4 Flow injection analysis
Anfalt and Twengstrom [131] give details of equipment and a procedure for the
determination of low concentrations of bromides in non saline waters by modifying the
phenol red method for use in a flow injection system. The effect of various potential
interfering substances was investigated. Ammonia, cyanide, and humic substances caused
interference; ways of minimising the effects are indicated.
Freeman et al. [132] determined bromide in environmental waters by flow injection
analysis.
The application of this technique is also discussed under multianion analysis in section
14.4.1.2.
2.12.5 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Michlewicz and Carnahan [133] give details of a method for the determination of
bromide based on pneumatic nebulisation of the sample into a helium microwave induced
plasma. The detection limit was 0.4mg L −1 . Potassium, magnesium, sodium and lithium
interfered moderately with pneumatic nebulisation and significantly with ultrasonic
nebulisation.
2.12.6 Cathodic stripping voltammetry
The application of this technique is discussed under multianion analysis in section
14.9.1.1.
2.12.7 Ion selective electrodes
Ion selective electrodes have been used for the determination of bromide in water [134].
2.12.8 X-ray spectrometry
Direct X-ray spectrometry, utilising the bromine Kα line has been used to determine mg
L −1 quantities of bromide in non saline waters. In one method the bromide was retained
on an anion exchange column [135] and in another the liquid sample was contained in a
lucite cup [136].
2.12.9 Helium microwave induced plasma method
Michlewicz and Carnahan [137] give details of a method for the determination of
bromide, iodide and chloride based on pneumatic nebulisation and ultrasonic nebulisation
of the sample into a helium microwave induced plasma.
Detection limits in mg for chloride, bromide and iodide were 0.4, 3.0 and 0.8
respectively. Interference effects from added potassium, sodium and lithium were