Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4. Amino acids and triplets associated with their frequencies according to King and Jukes
(1969)
Observed
frequency
(%)
Expected
frequency
(%)
(O
i
- O
i
)
2
e
i
Number of
appearances
Expected
number
AMINO ACIDS Triplets
UCU.UCA.UCC
UCG.AGU.AGC
Serine
443
8.0
472
8.6
1.782
CUU.CUA.CUC
CUG.UUA.UUG
Leucine
417
7.6
434
7.9
0.666
CGU.CGA.CGC
CGG.AGA.AGG
Arginine
230
4.1
582
10.6
212.9
GGU.GGA.GGC
GCG
Glycine
406
7.4
390
7.1
0.656
GCU.GCA.GCC
GCG
Alanine
406
7.4
395
7.2
0.306
GUU.GUA.GUC
CUG
Valine
373
6.8
330
6.0
5.603
ACU.ACA.ACC
ACG
Threonine
340
6.2
373
6.8
2.919
CCU.CCA.CCC
CCG
Proline
275
5.0
275
5.0
0
Isoleucine
AUU.AUA.AUC
209
3.8
280
5.1
18.0
Lysine
AAA.AAG
395
7.2
302
5.5
28.639
Glutamic acid
GAA.GAG
318
5.8
258
4.7
13.953
Aspartic acid
GAU.GAC
324
5.9
192
3.5
90.750
Phenylalanine
UUU.UUC
220
4.0
121
2.2
81
Asparagine
AAU.AAC
242
4.4
225
4.1
1.284
Glutamine
CAA.CAG
203
3.7
210
3.8
0.233
Tyrosine
UAU.UAC
181
3.3
165
3.0
1.551
Cysteine
UGU.UGC
181
3.3
137
2.5
14.131
Histidine
CAU.CAC
159
2.9
164
3.0
0.152
Methionine
AUG
99
1.8
99
1.8
0
Tryptophan
UGG
71
1.3
88
1.6
3.284
χ
2
= 477.809
TOTAL
5,492
100.0
5,492
100.0
a library of a thousand topics. Perhaps one form
of deciphering the hieroglyphics would be what
Eric Steven Lander of the MIT proposed when he
said that just as the organisation of the chemical
elements in the periodic table lent coherence to a
mass of previously unrelated data, we will end up
discovering that the tens of thousands of genes of
existing organisms are made of combinations of a
much smaller number of simpler genetic modules
volumes similar to the telephone book of a city
like Madrid, with four million inhabitants. Or,
to establish a more illustrative comparison, if
a virus gene that has 3,000 pairs of bases takes
up one page of a topic composed of 3,000 letters
and a gene of a bacterium, which contains three
million pairs of bases, would be equivalent to a
1,000-page topic, the human genome, composed
of three thousand million bases, would take up
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