Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The extreme wind speed model (EWM) should be combined with a design wave for
design load case 6.1b (see Table 4.4). If we explicitly consider only the design load
cases, then the following applies in particular:
E
d
¼
E
X
(
)
þ
Q 1
:
32
H
s
;
50
þ
Q
N
;
k
j
1
g
G
;
j
G
k
;
j
;
1
:
00
P
k
;
1
:
35
Q 1
:
25
V
e
;
50
ðÞ
where Q
N,k
stands for the characteristic operational forces.
Accordingly, the following applies for design load case 6.1c:
E
d
¼
E
X
(
)
þ
Q 1
:
86
H
s
;
50
þ
Q
N
;
k
j
1
g
G
;
j
G
k
;
j
;
1
:
00
P
k
;
1
:
35
Q 1
:
10
V
e
;
50
ðÞ
The following generally applies for group A (accidental, earthquake):
E
dA
¼
E
X
(
)
X
i
1
g
QA
;
i
j
1
g
GA
;
j
G
k
;
j
;
g
PA
P
k
;
A
d
;
Q
k
;
i
; ~
a
d
; ~
x
R
If we explicitly consider only the design load cases, then the following applies for
design load case 6.2b (see Table 4.4) in particular:
E
d
¼
E
X
(
)
þ
Q 1
þ
Q
N
;
k
j
1
g
GA
;
j
G
k
;
j
;
1
:
00
P
k
;
A
d
;
1
:
10
Q 1
:
25
V
e
;
50
ðÞ
:
32
H
s
;
50
Here, A
d
stands not for an action, but for the accidental event “grid loss”.
The partial safety factors to be used are those of Table 4.3 for onshore wind turbines,
Table 4.7 for offshore wind turbines. These are
g
G,sup
¼
1.35 for permanent loads or
g
GA,sup
¼
1.10 for unfavourable effects and
g
G,inf
¼
1.00 (onshore) or 0.90 (offshore)
for favourable effects.
Table 4.7 Partial safety factors
g
F
for actions according to [11] Table 4.3.4
Source of action
Unfavourable actions
Favourable
actions
Design situation (see Table 4.4)
All design
situations
N normal
E extreme A accidental T transport/erection
1.10/1.35
a)
1.10/1.35
a)
Inertia and
gravitational loads
1.10
1.25
0.90
Other inertia forces 1.20
1.25
1.10
1.30
0.90
-
b)
-
b)
-
b)
-
b)
-
b)
Prestressing
Environmental
actions
1.20
1.35
1.10
1.50
0.90
Operational forces
1.20
1.35
1.10
1.50
0.90
Thermal actions
—
1.35
—
—
0.90
a
)
For cases where the masses are not determined by weighing.
b
)
Partial safety factors for prestressing are to be agreed with GL Wind. However, the conditions
