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b
a
c
d
0
1
2
34
X
5
6
7
8
9
10
Figure 5.3
Two-dimensional graphical representation of the data matrix
X
in (5.8).
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
a
b
−
1.0
−
0.8
−
0.6
−
0.4
−
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
−
0.2
−
0.4
−
0.6
−
0.8
−
1.0
Figure 5.4
Euclidean space for samples
a
and
b
.